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Izz ad-Din Abd al-Qadar ibn Mustafa ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad al-Qassam (1881〔Abū ʻAmr, 1994, p. 98.〕 or 1882 〔Krämer, 2011, p. 260〕〔Guidère, 2012, p. 173〕 – 1935) ((アラビア語:عز الدين بن عبد القادر بن مصطفى بن يوسف بن محمد القسام), ) was a Syrian Muslim preacher and a leader in the local struggles against British and French Mandatory rule in the Levant, and a militant opponent of Zionism in the 1920s and 1930s. Al-Qassam studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt and afterward became an Islamic revivalist preacher in his hometown of Jableh in Syria during the last years of Ottoman rule. Following his return, he became an active supporter of the Libyan resistance to Italian rule, raising funds and fighters to aid the Libyans and penning an anthem for them. He would later lead his own group of rebels in alliance with Ibrahim Hananu to fight against French Mandatory forces in northern Syria in 1919–20. Following the rebels' defeat, he immigrated to Palestine,〔Bloomfield, 2010, p. 149.〕〔Fleischmann, 2003, p. 292.〕〔Kayyali, 1978, p. 180.〕〔Lozowick, 2004, p. 78.〕 where he became a Muslim ''waqf'' (religious endowments) official and grew incensed at the plight of Palestinian Arab peasants. In the 1930s, he formed bands of local fighters and launched attacks against British and Jewish targets. He was eventually killed in a manhunt following his role in the killing of a British policeman. Israeli historian Tom Segev has called him 'the Arab Joseph Trumpeldor'.〔Segev, 2001, pp. 362-363.〕 His campaign and death were factors that led to the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine. ==Early life and Muslim scholarship== Al-Qassam was born in Jableh, northwestern Syria, to father Abd al-Qadar, a Sharia court official during Ottoman rule and a local leader of the Qadariyya Sufi order. His grandfather had been a leading sheikh of the Qadariyya order and moved to Jableh from Iraq. Al-Qassam also followed the Hanafi ''fiqh'' (school of jurisprudence) of Sunni Islam and studied at the local Istambuli Mosque under the teaching of well-known ''′alim'' (scholar) Sheikh Salim Tayarah.〔Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 166.〕 Sometime between 1902 and 1905, al-Qassam left for Cairo to study at the al-Azhar Mosque. Who he studied with is disputed by sources; some accounts say he studied under the Muslim reformist scholar Muhammad Abduh and came into contact with the prominent proto-Salafist, Rashid Rida,〔 who himself studied under Abduh, while others are skeptical of al-Qassam's relationships with either. However, the attitude al-Qassam later adopted toward the political issues in the Arab world suggests he was well-acquainted with the ideas Abduh and Rida espoused.〔Milton-Edwards, 1999, p. 14. 〕 At al-Azhar, al-Qassam developed the thinking that would guide his future activism. Critical of a stagnant Islam, he preached among the ranks of farmers and other locals about the necessity for a modern Islam, one capable of defending itself from Western colonialism through ''jihad'' (holy struggle).〔Milton-Edwards, 1999, p. 17.〕 He returned to Jableh in 1909 as an ''′alim'' and worked as a teacher at a Qadariyya ''madrasa'' (Islamic school) where he taught both the mystical practices of the Qadariyya Sufi order and the jurisprudence and commentary of the Qur'an. In addition he preached as the imam of the Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque.〔Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 167.〕 Following his return to Jableh, al-Qassam commenced a program of Islamic revival based on moral reforms which included the encouragement of maintaining regular ''salaah'' (prayer) and the ''sawm'' (fasting) during Ramadan as well as advocating an end to gambling and alcohol consumption. Al-Qassam's campaign highly influenced Jableh's residents who increasingly adopted his reforms. He developed amiable relations with the local Ottoman police who he would call upon to enforce Sharia law on rare cases of major violations. In some occasions, he would send disciples as vigilantes to intercept caravans transporting alcohol which would then be disposed of. Despite the support for Arab nationalism from some of his fellow alumni at al-Azhar and among Syrian notables, al-Qassam's loyalties most likely laid with the Ottoman Empire as his relationship with the authorities would indicate.〔Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 168.〕 He was well-regarded among much of Jableh's population where he gained a reputation for piety, simple manners and good humor.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Izz ad-Din al-Qassam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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